Abstract

CURRENT AND EMERGING PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES FOR DIABETES MELLITUS: A REVIEW

Vishal B. Kuttarmare*, Sadhana P. Gautam, Dr. B. R. Gandhare, Jay R. Nagdeve, Ajay A. Turke, Tanveer K. Patel

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition defined by persistent hyperglycemia caused by decreased insulin production, insulin action, or both. Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune β-cell death, resulting in insulin insufficiency. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and increasing β-cell malfunction. The global burden of diabetes continues to rise, with high risks of microvascular and macrovascular consequences. Current pharmacological care includes insulin preparations, oral antidiabetic drugs such metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, α-glucosidase inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and adjunct therapies. Emerging treatments such as glucokinase activators, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and dual GIP/GLP-1 co-agonists improve glucose management while also providing metabolic and cardiorenal advantages. Advances in targeted medicines and novel drug delivery technologies reflect the shift toward precision-based and personalized diabetes care options.

Keywords: IGF 1: Insulin like Growth factor 1, GLUT 4: Glucose Transporter Type 4, NPH insulins: Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Insulins, IRS proteins: Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins, PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, RIA: Insulin Radioimmunoassay, G