Abstract

REVOLUTIONIZING IMMUNIZATION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF MRNA VACCINE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

Shweta A. Katkar*, Sakshi V. Bane, Mrunal B. Madane, Dr. Sadhana R. Shahi

ABSTRACT

mRNA vaccines represent a ground breaking advancement in immunology, offering rapid, flexible, and highly effective vaccine development. Leveraging decades of research in in vitro transcription, nucleotide modification, and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery, they gained prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic, with Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna vaccines showing over 90% efficacy. Unlike traditional vaccines, mRNA vaccines are non-infectious, genome-safe, and easily adaptable to emerging pathogens and personalized therapies. Their production involves engineering stable mRNA constructs, purification, and LNP-based packaging. Applications now extend beyond infectious diseases to cancer, genetic, and chronic conditions. Despite their promise, challenges like manufacturing scale, cold-chain logistics, cost, and global access persist. Regulatory bodies (FDA, EMA, WHO, CDSCO) have set guidelines for safety, comparability,and quality. Innovations such as AI-driven design, thermostable formulations, and novel delivery systems are shaping the future, positioning mRNA vaccines as a versatile platform for addressing evolving global health needs.

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