Abstract

ECO-FRIENDLY NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS: THE ROLE OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROORGANISMS IN MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Kavya Shree Basappa, Sri Raghava and Sharan Umesha*

ABSTRACT

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles by endophytic fungi and bacteria has emerged as a promising, eco-friendly alternative to traditional chemical synthesis methods. Endophytes, microorganisms that live within plant tissues without causing harm, have demonstrated the ability to produce a variety of nanoparticles, including metallic (e.g., gold, silver) and metal oxide nanoparticles (e.g., zinc oxide, copper oxide). This review explores the mechanisms underlying nanoparticle synthesis by endophytic fungi and bacteria, highlighting the biochemical pathways, such as enzyme-driven reduction and stabilization processes. Additionally, the review discusses the factors influencing nanoparticle formation, including the microbial species involved, environmental conditions, and precursor materials. The unique properties of nanoparticles synthesized by endophytes, including their size, shape, and bioactivity, open up variousapplications in medicine, agriculture, and environmental management. These applications include drug delivery, antimicrobial agents, plant growth promotion, and environmental remediation. Despite the potential, challenges remain in scaling up the synthesis process and ensuring reproducibility. The review also identifies future directions for improving synthesis efficiency and expanding the range of nanoparticle types and applications. Overall, endophytic fungi and bacteria represent a sustainable and innovative approach to nanoparticle production, with vast prospects for various biotechnological applications.

Keywords: Endophytic microorganisms; Green synthesis; Biogenic nanoparticles; Nanobiotechnology; Sustainable nanotechnology.