Abstract

UNRAVELLING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Dipali D. Warghade*, Ghanshyam B. Jadhav, Pooja V. Bombale, Bhagyashri D. Thombare, Tanuja S. Pagar and Urmila M. Aware

ABSTRACT

Depression is a widespread mental health disorder which affects thoughts, emotions, and physical health significantly. Even after much investigation, the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are still unknown. Numerous theories on the causes of depression are examined in this article, including genetic and epigenetic factors, neurotransmitter abnormalities, inflammatory reactions, and hormonal dysregulation. New discoveries on brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) and inflammatory cytokines are discussed, along with critical analyses of important systems like the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and monoaminergic pathways. Neuroplasticity impairments are highlighted in relation to structural and functional changes in the brain, especially in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Understanding the complex etiology of depression incorporates psychosocial elements like personality traits and stressful life events. This comprehensive investigation identifies possible treatment targets and underlines the need for a multidisciplinary, integrated approach to understanding and managing depression.

Keywords: BDNF, Depression, Hippocampus, Mental health, Multidisciplinary approach.