Abstract

PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: AREA WISE APPROACH

Gayatri Muley*, Kavita Haral, Pradnya Ingle, Poonam Yadav, Ashwini Shinde and Nitin Deshmukh

ABSTRACT

Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual’s genetic makeup influences their response to medications. As a rapidly advancing field, pharmacogenomics is transforming the landscape of modern medicine by enabling the development of personalized treatment strategies tailored to each patient's unique genetic profile. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of pharmacogenomics in advancing personalized medicine. It explores how genetic variations affect drug metabolism, efficacy, and the risk of adverse reactions, emphasizing its applications in major disease areas such as oncology, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. In cancer treatment, genetic markers such as HER2 and BRCA mutations guide the selection of targeted therapies, improving treatment outcomes. In cardiovascular medicine, variations in genes like CYP2C19 and VKORC1 influence drug responses, particularly in antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. For neurological conditions like depression and epilepsy, pharmacogenomic testing helps in selecting effective medications while minimizing side effects. The review also discusses the ethical, legal, and social implications of integrating pharmacogenomic data into routine clinical practice, including concerns related to patient privacy, informed consent, and equitable access to testing. Despite significant progress, challenges such as high testing costs, lack of clinical guidelines, and limited data on diverse populations remain barriers to widespread adoption By synthesizing recent research findings, this article highlights the potential of pharmacogenomics to revolutionize healthcare, while also identifying current gaps in knowledge. Finally, it suggests directions for future research aimed at improving clinical

Keywords: Pharmacogenomics, Personalized Medicine, Genetic Variability, Drug Response, Precision Medicine.