Abstract

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF “CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE”

Jatin, *Jasmine Dhiman and Dr Sanjiv Duggal

ABSTRACT

Congestive heart failure is a condition that can result from various factors such as weight and volume overload, loss of heart muscle, primary muscle disease, or excessive peripheral demands like high-output failure. In typical heart failure, the heart muscle's ability to contract is reduced, leading to decreased cardiac output, which becomes insufficient to meet the body's peripheral demands. Reduced Muscle Contractility: There is a natural decline in the heart muscle's ability to contract. Increased Preload: Elevated left atrial filling pressure leads to pulmonary congestion and shortness of breath. Increased Afterload: Despite often having lower systemic blood pressure, there is an increase in systemic vascular resistance, which can further reduce cardiac output. Increased Heart Rate: The heart rategenerally rises as a compensatory mechanism due to increased sympathetic tone and circulating catecholamines. In patients with coronary heart disease, there is often an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. An increase in heart size can be particularly harmful as it raises wall stress and increases myocardial oxygen consumption according to the Laplace relation.

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