Abstract

PHARMACOGENOMICS: TRANSFORMING PERSONALIZED DRUG THERAPY THROUGH GENETIC INSIGHTS

K. Evangil**, B. Bhavani, S . K. Arshiya, K. Amulya and K. Padmalatha

ABSTRACT

Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variations affect anindividual’s response to medication s, plays a vital role in personalizedmedicine by enabling tailored drug therapies that enhance effectivenesswhile minimizing adverse effects. This explores the integration ofpharmacogenomics into clinical practice, emphasizing its advantagesin drug sel ection, dosage optimization, and the prevention of adversedrug reactions. Through an analysis of case studies and researchdevelopments, it highlights significant progress in pharmacogenomictesting, particularly in oncology, cardiology, and psychiatry. H owever,widespread implementation faces key challenges, including limitedaccess to genetic testing, ethical concerns over genetic data privacy, thecomplexity of gene drug interactions, and the need for a robusthealthcare infrastructure to support genomi c medicine. Despite theseobstacles, pharmacogenomics holds great promise for revolutionizingmedical practice by enabling more precise and individualized treatmentapproaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of thefield’s current state, itsimpact on personalized medicine, and the challenges that must beaddressed to fully realize its potential in improving patient care. This review explores the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of pharmacogenomics, along with thechallenges an d future directions in the field. Through a comprehensive analysis of existingresearch studies, clinical guidelines, and reviews, it underscores the critical role ofpharmacogenomics in optimizing drug therapy, enhancing patient outcomes, and advancingth e era of precision medicine. Furthermore, it explores the challenges and ethical implicationsof incorporating pharmacogenomic testing into routine medical practice.

Keywords: Pharmacogenomics, Personalized Medicine, Genetic Variation, Drug Response, Huma n Genome Project, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics , optimizing drug therapy.