Abstract

REVIEW ON H5N1 INFLUENZA A VIRUS

Archana Kumari*, Jatin Garg and Dr. Bhartendu Sharma

ABSTRACT

Influenza virus infections have been a substantial challenge due to their continuous circulation and high mortality rates in humans. Highly pathogenic strains such as H5N1 have led to severe bird outbreaks. The virus has shown prolonged mammal-to-mammal transmission, with significant outbreaks in European fur farms, South American marine mammals, and U.S. dairy cattle. The ability demonstrates the possibility of human transmission. Historically, swine were believed to be the ideal intermediary species for avian influenza adaptation to mammals before eventual human adaptation. However, H5N1's modified ecology introduced novel evolutionary pathways. Dairy cattle, farmed mink, and sea lions are now regarded as potential mammalian intermediaries capable of transmitting avian influenza viruses to humans. Recent outbreaks among wild birds, domestic poultry and other species, along with the emergence of genetic variations in HPIV H5N1 strains, raise concerns about human transmission and public safety. This research aims to provide an updated scientific review of HPIV H5N1 that considers recent local, regional, and international studies and developments regarding it. It starts by noting the importance of this virus and the urgent need for such an updated scientific review. The paper discusses the origins, evolution, and geographic spread of HPIV H5N1 while highlighting its genetics. The genomic and structural physiology of the virus will be reviewed, providing insight into its genetic makeup and critical structural features. The manuscript likewise scrutinizes the phylogeny, evolution, mutation patterns, reservoirs, and transmission pathways of HPIV H5N1; immune response to the virus and its impact on vaccine development; and an appraisal of the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms noted in human cases. Diagnostic tools, preventive and therapeutic strategies are also inspected, focusing on current measures and future directions for handling a projected global pandemic.

Keywords: ? Highly pathogenic influenza virus(HPIV) ? H5N1 ? Monitoring and observation ? Genetic mutations.