Abstract

CHOLERA: AN IN-DEPTH REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, AND EMERGING MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Harshad Namdev Patil*, Adarsh Rajendra Patil, Kunal Vinayak Solankure, Rajendra Sadashiv Sonulkar, Sushant Satappa Patil, Nikita Laxman Cheuyekar and Dhanshree Suresh Adasul

ABSTRACT

Cholera, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae, remains a significant global public health concern. Primarily transmitted through contaminated water and food, cholera is characterized by severe watery diarrhea, rapid dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance, leading to high mortality if untreated. The disease has historically caused seven pandemics since 1817, with ongoing outbreaks, particularly in developing regions with poor sanitation. This review explores the epidemiology, serology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment strategies of cholera. It highlights the role of V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups in epidemics and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, complicating treatment efforts. Effective interventions, such as oral rehydration therapy, zinc supplementation, and vaccines, have significantly reduced mortality rates. Additionally, novel approaches like probiotics and phage therapy show promise in combating antibiotic-resistant V. cholerae. Addressing cholera's global burden requires a multi-pronged strategy, including improving sanitation, enhancing healthcare infrastructure, and advancing research into innovative treatments.

Keywords: Vibrio cholerae, Epidemiology, V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups, zinc supplementation.