Abstract

FROM MONKEY TO HUMANS: INSIGHT INTO THE SPREAD AND CONTROL OF MONKEY VIRUS

Jatin Singh*, Arvinder Kaur, Satvinder Kaur, Jessica and Jasnoor Kaur Cheema

ABSTRACT

The monkeypox virus belongs to the genus Orthopoxviruses and is a double-stranded DNA virus of the poxviridae family.1 In 1970, the first human instance of this zoonotic virus was documented. This infection has historically been widespread in the African region, but in recent years, instances have been recorded from all over the world, particularly in April 2022, when 43 nations reported more than 1500 cases. A worrying hazard to public health is the spread of monkeypox from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to other countries. The pox virus infection is believed to have arisen as a result of increased worldwide travel and transportation across several nations, as well as the decline in smallpox protection that was previously provided by vaccinations. It is traditionally spread by coming into touch with respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, and an infected patient's skin.Symptoms include fever, rash, muscle aches, backaches, headaches, lethargy, and lymphadenopathy. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has established that there is presently no specific treatment for monkeypox, however antiviral treatments for smallpox may help decrease the spread of monkeypox. The effectiveness of smallpox vaccinations in preventing monkeypox is yet uncertain. Numerous consequences, including as inflammatory diseases like myocarditis and pericarditis, have been found to exacerbate the chaos. In the case reports of myocarditis caused by monkeypox, an increase in cardiac biomarkers linked to chest discomfort symptoms was noted. Although the intricacies of the pathogenesis of myocarditis caused by the pox virus are still being studied, the most frequent pathology in viral myocarditis is lymphocyte inflammation followed by myonecrosis. Patients who exhibit electrocardiographic abnormalities of ST elevation coupled with chest pain should be suspected of having monkeypox-associated viral pericarditis, which manifested as a minor pericardial effusion. Patients who were not vaccinated against orthopoxvirus and who were otherwise healthy and not immunocompromised are the subjects of the published case reports. It's interesting to note that myopericarditis can also be a side effect of pox vaccinations, as demonstrated by the 2003 US countrywide surveillance. Since acute cardiac issues are restricting and if mild or unnoticed, they pose difficulties in a diagnosis, leading to delayed and long-term manifestations, particularly ventricular arrhythmias, which are life- threatening and ultimately affect morbidity and mortality, the lack of case explanations available on returning diseases and their uncommon after-effects necessitates additional assessment and examines for risk stratification.[1]

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