Abstract

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS): REVIEW PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES

Wael Hassan Ali Alrammaal*, ‏Abdulaziz Ahmad Alrashidi and Sultan Mohammed Algfari

ABSTRACT

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to significant disability, especially in young adults. The prevalence varies geographically, with higher rates in regions farther from the equator, likely due to environmental and genetic factors. Aim: This review aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and current treatment strategies for MS. Methods: The review synthesizes findings from recent literature on the environmental and genetic factors contributing to MS development, the pathological processes involved in the disease, and the clinical course of the condition. It also highlights the role of imaging and diagnostic criteria in confirming MS and explores various treatment modalities, including immunomodulatory and symptomatic therapies. Results: MS is marked by CNS inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage, driven primarily by an autoimmune response. Environmental factors such as reduced sunlight exposure and smoking, along with genetic predispositions, contribute to disease onset. MS typically follows a relapsing-remitting or progressive course, with symptoms like optic neuritis, sensory disturbances, and motor dysfunction. Early diagnosis through MRI and adherence to the McDonald criteria are critical for timely intervention. Current treatments focus on modulating the immune system and managing symptoms, with disease-modifying therapies showing efficacy in slowing progression. Conclusion: MS remains a complex and unpredictable disease, with no cure yet available. However, advancements in diagnostic tools and treatment strategies have improved patient outcomes, particularly when interventions are applied early in the disease course.

Keywords: Multiple sclerosis, Pathophysiology, Clinical manifestations, Relapsing-remitting MS, progressive MS, Treatment strategies, Autoimmune disease.