Abstract

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON DIABETES MELLITUS: COMPLICATIONS, MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT MODALITIES

Bhavana Singh, Saranjit Singha*, Deepika Joshi and Nidhi Semwal

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus (DM), or simply diabetes, is a group of diseases that affect the body when a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because the cells do not respond to the insulin produced. This high blood sugar produces the early symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder in which the increase is increasing worldwide. As a result of this practice, it has quickly become a global epidemic where the number of people affected is expected to double in the next ten years due to the increase in the number of older people, thus adding to the existing burden on health care providers, especially in developed countries. Diagnosis and diagnosis are still based on a process by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) which includes clinical and laboratory parameters. There is no cure for the disease; however, therapies that include lifestyle modification, obesity treatment, oral hypoglycaemic agents, and insulin sensitizers such as metformin, a biguanide that lowers insulin resistance, are still the first-line treatment recommended especially for obese patients. Other effective drugs include non-sulfonylurea secretagogues, thiazolidinedione's, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, and insulin. Recent research on pathophysiology of type 2 DM has led to the introduction of new drugs such as glucagon-like peptide 1 analogoues: dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 and 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, insulin and pancreatic-G-protein-coupled fatty-acid-receptor agonists, glucagon-receptor antagonists, metabolic inhibitors of hepatic glucose release and bromocriptine release. Inhaled Insulin was licensed for use in 2006 but was withdrawn from the market due to limited funding.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Obesity, Insulin, Insulin analogues, Medicinal plants.