Abstract

A REVIEW ON TECHNOSPHERE INHALED INSULIN (AFREZZA)

Mareena Cyriac, Neethu Anna Stephen and Akhila S. Arjun*

ABSTRACT

Considerable progress in treatment of diabetes has been made in the nearly 100 years following the discovery of insulin, and advances in insulin therapy have improved convenience, quality of life, overall glycemic control (A1C), and risk of hypoglycemia. Despite this, glycemic control remains suboptimal in many people with diabetes. Although postprandial glucose control has been improved with the development of subcutaneously injected rapid-acting insulin analogs, the delayed onset of metabolic action and prolonged period of effect induce the risk of postprandial hyperglycemia and late postprandial hypoglycemia. The real and perceived risk of hypoglycemia and the need for multiple daily injections are widely recognized as key barriers to effective insulin therapy. Therefore, there is a clear unmet need for a treatment option which can help mitigate these barriers. Alternative methods of insulin administration have been under investigation for several years, and pulmonary delivery has shown the most promise to date. Inhaled Technosphere® Insulin (TI; Afrezza®; MannKind Corporation) was approved in 2014 for use as prandial insulin in people with diabetes. It is new, quicker acting inhalable insulin with a different and safer pharmacokinetic profile in comparison to previously failed inhaled form of insulin.

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